Court incidents, official rule revisions and analysis in Other, as they enter the record. Researched and drafted with AI assistance; verified against primary sources and edited by Cognesio LLP. The linked official documents are the record — our summaries are not the law and are not legal advice.https://safelegalai.comen-gbCC BY 4.0 — SafeLegalAI, published by Cognesio LLPhttps://safelegalai.com/analysis/indonesia-supreme-court-ai-judgment-drafting-guidance-2026-09https://safelegalai.com/analysis/indonesia-supreme-court-ai-judgment-drafting-guidance-2026-09A 2 September 2026 Mahkamah Agung letter circulates draft criminal-code judgment templates and bars uploading the drafts to AI services.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMTarticleotherhttps://safelegalai.com/analysis/may-judges-use-ai-explainerhttps://safelegalai.com/analysis/may-judges-use-ai-explainerThe regulation map records 39 country answers on judicial AI use: binding rules, guidance, proposals and one case-law answer.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMTarticleukirelandus-federalcanadaaustraliaindiainternationalotherhttps://safelegalai.com/analysis/must-lawyers-verify-ai-output-explainerhttps://safelegalai.com/analysis/must-lawyers-verify-ai-output-explainerAcross 130 country records, 50 have a binding, guidance, proposed or case-law answer on verification of AI output.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMTarticleukirelandus-federalus-statecanadaaustraliaindiasingaporeinternationalotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/id-mahkamah-agung-letter-112-2026-ai-document-serviceshttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/id-mahkamah-agung-letter-112-2026-ai-document-servicesA Supreme Court of Indonesia letter of 2 September 2026 circulating draft judgment-writing guidance and templates for consultation. Its annex contains what appears to be the Indonesian judiciary's first written restriction on AI: draft templates must not be uploaded to AI document-processing services. Primary source: Mahkamah Agung — Original — https://www.mahkamahagung.go.id/media/14915Wed, 02 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/lt-advokatura-ai-training-2026https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/lt-advokatura-ai-training-2026Announced 1 September 2026; full-day practical training held 9 September 2026 at the Advocates' House, Vilnius, organised by the Bar's IT and AI Committee with partners. Voluntary; advance registration and a personal laptop required. A voluntary full-day practical course run by the Lithuanian Bar's Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Committee on 9 September 2026. It is the Bar's first substantive public AI initiative for advocates and stands in place of any published guidance document, which Lithuania still lacks. Primary source: Lietuvos advokatūra — 1.0 — https://www.advokatura.lt/naujienos/rugsejo-9-diena-mokymai-tema-di-advokato-praktikoje-galimybes-irankiai-ir-saugus-naudojimas1/Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/tr-tbb-ai-guide-lawyershttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/tr-tbb-ai-guide-lawyersFirst national Turkish bar instrument on AI. Product of the TBB 'AI and Advocacy Workshop', Ankara, 14-15 February 2026. Foreword by TBB President R. Erinç Sağkan; presented by Commission spokesperson Dr Resul Göksoy. A 44-page principle-based, technology-neutral guide covering lawyers, trainee lawyers and law-office staff. It classifies AI use into risk tiers, sets duties of human oversight, verification, professional secrecy, data minimisation and client information, and adds practical annexes: vendor criteria, model office-policy clauses and client-engagement wording. Advisory, reviewed periodically by TBB. Primary source: Türkiye Barolar Birliği (TBB) — First edition, 2026 — https://d.barobirlik.org.tr/2026/yapayzekatavsiyerehberi.pdfFri, 28 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/vn-decision-1671-national-ai-strategyhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/vn-decision-1671-national-ai-strategySupersedes Decision No. 127/QD-TTg as Vietnam's national AI strategy. Vietnam's current national AI strategy, approved by the Prime Minister on 28 August 2026 and running to 2030 with a vision to 2045. It supersedes Decision No. 127/QD-TTg. It is a development strategy rather than a regulatory instrument and does not address artificial intelligence in legal practice. Primary source: Prime Minister of Vietnam — Signed — https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=219354Fri, 28 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/tracker/yichang-fake-drug-casehttps://safelegalai.com/tracker/yichang-fake-drug-caseIn one of the first reported instances in China, a district court judge in Yichang, Hubei Province, checked the defence's reference materials and found AI-fabricated cases with fake China Judgments Online links and doctored judicial-interpretation text. The lawyer blamed an assistant's AI tool; the court admonished him in open court, stating AI cannot excuse submitting false materials. Primary source: QQ News, 21 Jul 2026 (court WeChat report; press report; primary decision not located) — https://news.qq.com/rain/a/20260721A08IHA00Tue, 21 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTincidentotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/gr-law-5321-2026-ai-act-implementationhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/gr-law-5321-2026-ai-act-implementationOriginal. Published in Government Gazette A 114 of 20 July 2026 (FEK A 114/20.07.2026); date confirmed from the Special Secretariat for AI announcement and Greek legal databases on 4 September 2026. Greek implementing act for the EU AI Act, listed by the Special Secretariat for AI and Data Governance. It designates the Hellenic Data Protection Authority as principal market-surveillance authority and EETT as notifying authority, and amends the 2022 emerging-technologies law that already required public-sector algorithmic impact assessments and AI registers. No justice-specific provisions were identified. Primary source: Parliament (GR) — Government Gazette 2026 (FEK id 802524) — https://search.et.gr/el/fek/?fekId=802524Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/my-naio-ai-governance-bill-consultationhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/my-naio-ai-governance-bill-consultationA pre-drafting public consultation run through Malaysia's Unified Public Consultation portal on a proposed AI Governance Bill, open from 10 July to 1 August 2026. No bill had been introduced in the Malaysian Parliament as at 4 September 2026, and justice or legal-sector uses are not separately addressed. Primary source: NAIO — Consultation open 10 July to 1 August 2026 — https://upc.mpc.gov.my/view-consultation/264Fri, 10 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/no-hoyesterett-advokatveiledningen-aihttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/no-hoyesterett-advokatveiledningen-aiCurrent published version; the guidance is updated several times a year. Month-only date: the source gives the month, so the 1st is recorded as the date. The Supreme Court of Norway's guidance for lawyers appearing before it, which since April 2025 contains a dedicated section 19 on the use of AI tools. It was added after the Court received its first brief citing statutes and preparatory works that did not exist, and is cross-referenced from every pleading-drafting section of the guidance. Primary source: Norwegian Supreme Court — Veiledning for advokater, per juli 2026 — https://www.domstol.no/contentassets/d1d57fd8703546fd8f618c124e32d1d3/advokatveiledningen-juli-2026.pdfWed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/np-judiciary-ict-policy-2083https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/np-judiciary-ict-policy-2083Approved by the Supreme Court full bench; document dated 2083-03-10 BS; adoption reported 3 July 2026. Nepal's judiciary-wide ICT policy approved by the Supreme Court full bench in mid-2026. Strategy 5.2 adopts AI as an innovation tool: AI-based systems will support drafting, research and case management, but AI shall not be used in a way that directly intrudes on judicial decisions, and third-party AI must be assessed for reliability and bias before use. Primary source: Supreme Court of Nepal — Original — https://supremecourt.gov.np/court/public/media/2026_07/6be1c3d55afda34eb3b18eebd6bb0d08.pdfWed, 24 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/pl-nra-ethics-code-ai-amendmentshttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/pl-nra-ethics-code-ai-amendmentsNew § 23e added and § 19(6) amended at the plenary session held 12–13 June 2026; resolution number not stated in the published announcement. A resolution of the Polish Bar Council adopted at its 12–13 June 2026 plenary in Rzeszów amending the advocates' ethics code. It adds § 23e regulating the use of technological tools, including AI, and amends § 19(6). The rules bind Polish advocates and are enforceable through the disciplinary system. Primary source: NRA — Adopted at the NRA plenary session in Rzeszów — https://www.adwokatura.pl/z-zycia-nra/zmiany-w-zbiorze-zasad-etyki-adwokackiej-naczelna-rada-adwokacka-przyjela-nowe-regulacje-dotyczace-korzystania-ze-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-wykonywaniu-zawodu-adwokata/Sat, 13 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ee-aki-tehisaru-guidancehttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ee-aki-tehisaru-guidanceStanding section covering AI and data protection, the AI Regulation, personal-data protection, awareness and human rights, and a page for AI adopters; supplemented in June 2026 by opinions on general-purpose AI and AI documentation software in healthcare, and by a Digital Omnibus / AI Omnibus timetable page. Month-only date: the source gives the month, so the 1st is recorded as the date. The Estonian DPA's standing guidance area on artificial intelligence, explaining the EU AI Act's risk-tiered structure, the interaction between AI and personal-data protection, individuals' rights, and practical duties for organisations adopting AI. It also tracks the Digital Omnibus and AI Omnibus legislative timetable. Primary source: Andmekaitse Inspektsioon — Current — https://www.aki.ee/tehisaru/tehisaru-ja-andmekaitse/tehisintellekti-maarusMon, 01 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/es-cgae-circular-3-2026-ia-generativa-verificacionhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/es-cgae-circular-3-2026-ia-generativa-verificacionOriginal text, from the ICAIB mirror of the CGAE circular. Interpretive circular under Article 23 of the Right of Defence Act construing the Spanish code of conduct. Generative-AI drafting is lawful, but filing AI-assisted documents with unverified errors breaches diligence and responsible technology use and is a serious infraction under Article 125.u EGAE; the signer is solely responsible and tool failure proves a breach of supervision. Primary source: CGAE — Dated Madrid 20 March 2026; approved by the Pleno 10 April 2026, amended 13 April 2026 — https://www.icaib.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Circular-interpretativa-3-2026_Deontologia-aprobada-Pleno-modificaciones-13-4-2026.pdfMon, 13 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/pt-csm-recomendacoes-uso-ia-atividade-jurisdicionalhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/pt-csm-recomendacoes-uso-ia-atividade-jurisdicionalRecommendations proposed by the CSM's AI Monitoring Group for judges' use of AI, citing AI Act Annex III point 8(a). Ten principles include effective human control, non-substitution, exclusive judicial responsibility and transparency; only systems supplied by the case-management platform or the CSM may be used; every AI-assisted decision must carry an express reference to AI use. Primary source: CSM — Approved by the Plenario 8 April 2026; PDF published May 2026 — https://csm.org.pt/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Recomendacoes_Uso_IA.pdfWed, 08 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/my-jpdp-admp-guidelinehttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/my-jpdp-admp-guidelineOnly the month of issue (April 2026) is established, so the date is recorded as the first of that month. Issued with companion DPIA and Data Protection by Design guidelines. A regulatory guideline under the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (Act 709) as amended in 2024. Part E governs AI and generative AI in profiling and automated decision-making, requiring human oversight, barring decisions made on a sole automated factor, and requiring staff training and appointed reviewers. Primary source: JPDP — Issued April 2026 — https://www.pdp.gov.my/ppdpv1/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/GARIS-PANDUAN-PEMBUATAN-KEPUTUSAN-SECARA-AUTOMATIK-DAN-PEMPROFILAN-ADMP-1.pdfWed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/eg-national-ai-governance-framework-guidehttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/eg-national-ai-governance-framework-guideApproved for publication March 2026; document ID EG-NCAI-GOV-FW-2026-02. Drafted from version 0.1 (Aug 2025) and 0.8 (Oct 2025). Egypt's umbrella AI governance guide, published March 2026 by the Egyptian Center for Responsible AI. It defines a four-tier risk classification with a mandatory dual-check conformity model for high-risk systems, drawing on UNESCO, OECD, ISO/IEC and the G7 Hiroshima Process. It does not name justice or the courts. Primary source: ECRAI / Egypt NCAI — 2.0 — https://ai.gov.eg/SynchedFiles/ar/Resources/Guide%20to%20Egypt%E2%80%99s%20National%20AI%20Governance%20Framework%2015-3-2026.pdfSun, 15 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ke-artificial-intelligence-bill-2026https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ke-artificial-intelligence-bill-2026Published as a Senate Bill; must also be considered by the National Assembly because it concerns county governments. Kenya's horizontal AI bill, published 19 February 2026. It creates an Office of the Artificial Intelligence Commissioner, a four-tier risk classification set by regulations, obligations for high-risk systems including human oversight and human rights impact assessments, a public register of high-risk systems, and regulatory sandboxes. Justice and court uses are not named. Primary source: Kenyan Senate — As published — https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/bill/senate/2026-02-19/the-artificial-intelligence-bill-2026/eng@2026-02-19Thu, 19 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/dk-lov-467-2025-ai-supplementary-provisionshttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/dk-lov-467-2025-ai-supplementary-provisionsBill introduced by the Minister for Digitalisation on 18 February 2026 extending the national framework; adoption not confirmed as of 2026-09-04. Denmark's national supplement to the EU AI Act, adopted 14 May 2025 and in force from 2 August 2025. It designates Digitaliseringsstyrelsen, Datatilsynet and Domstolsstyrelsen as national competent authorities, sets market surveillance powers, inspection rights and criminal penalties, and creates a bespoke split of supervision over courts' AI use. Primary source: Denmark — 2025/1 LSF 111 — broader AI-loven bill — https://www.retsinformation.dk/api/pdf/255520Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/es-aepd-orientaciones-ia-agentica-2026https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/es-aepd-orientaciones-ia-agentica-2026Guidance for controllers and processors deploying AI agents that plan and execute multi-step tasks with personal data. It identifies agent-specific risks such as autonomy, tool access and chained actions, and directs risk assessment and DPIAs, human oversight, data minimisation and clear processor arrangements. Not legal-sector specific but relied on by Spanish bars for AI use in firms. Primary source: AEPD — 18 February 2026 — https://www.aepd.es/guias/orientaciones-ia-agentica.pdfWed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-sc-am-25-11-28-ai-governance-frameworkhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-sc-am-25-11-28-ai-governance-frameworkThe Supreme Court of the Philippines' judiciary-wide AI framework, adopted 18 February 2026 and announced on 19 March 2026. It binds justices and judges, court personnel, court users including members of the Bar and the public, and AI vendors, and creates a permanent Committee on Human-Centered Augmented Intelligence. Primary source: Supreme Court of the Philippines — Adopted by the En Banc — https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/11/101138Wed, 18 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/es-cgpj-instruccion-2-2026-ia-actividad-jurisdiccionalhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/es-cgpj-instruccion-2-2026-ia-actividad-jurisdiccionalOriginal; in force on publication. Binding instruction to Spanish judges and magistrates on AI in jurisdictional work: effective human control, no autonomous decision-making or substitution of judicial reasoning, no AI content without personal critical validation, no unapproved tools except study with open sources and no judicial data, full judicial responsibility, CGPJ supervision of personal-data processing and CGPJ-provided training. Primary source: CGPJ — Pleno agreement 28 January 2026, BOE no. 27 of 30 January 2026 (BOE-A-2026-2205) — https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2026-2205Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/tw-ai-basic-act-2026https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/tw-ai-basic-act-2026Promulgated by Presidential Order; 20 articles; NSTC as central competent authority. Taiwan's framework AI statute, passed 23 December 2025 and promulgated 14 January 2026. It sets principles for AI development, requires the Ministry of Digital Affairs to establish an internationally aligned risk-classification framework with sectoral tiered rules, requires warnings on high-risk AI products, and obliges government bodies to conduct risk assessments before using AI. Primary source: Taiwan Legislative Yuan — Promulgated — https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0160093Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/tw-ai-basic-act-2026https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/tw-ai-basic-act-2026Taiwan's framework AI statute, passed 23 December 2025 and promulgated 14 January 2026. It sets principles for AI development, requires the Ministry of Digital Affairs to establish an internationally aligned risk-classification framework with sectoral tiered rules, requires warnings on high-risk AI products, and obliges government bodies to conduct risk assessments before using AI. Primary source: Taiwan Legislative Yuan — Third reading — https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0160093Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/fr-conseil-etat-charte-ia-juridiction-administrativehttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/fr-conseil-etat-charte-ia-juridiction-administrativeInitial charter, adopted after consultation with staff, unions and elected representatives and reviewed by the collège de déontologie. A deontological charter published on 11 December 2025 binding every member, magistrate and staff member of the French administrative jurisdiction — Conseil d'État, cours administratives d'appel, tribunaux administratifs, Cour nationale du droit d'asile and Tribunal du stationnement payant. It sets seven principles for generative AI, excludes high-risk AI systems, and covers external chatbots, which are not blocked but tightly conditioned. Primary source: Conseil d'État — First version — https://www.conseil-etat.fr/Media/actualites/documents/2025/decembre-2025/charte-d-utilisation-de-l-intelligence-artificielle-au-sein-de-la-juridiction-administrativeThu, 11 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/cn-beijing-tongzhou-court-ai-fabricated-cases-2025https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/cn-beijing-tongzhou-court-ai-fabricated-cases-2025Selected for the People's Court Case Database in December 2025; reported nationally 15-16 January 2026. A plaintiff's lawyer filed supplementary submissions citing two reference cases generated by an AI model and never verified. The judge found the cited case numbers belonged to unrelated real cases and wrote a criticism into the judgment without a fine. Entered in the People's Court Case Database in December 2025, it sets graduated consequences for unverified AI citations. Primary source: Tongzhou District Court — Case Database entry — https://www.chinanews.com.cn/fz/2026/01-15/10552373.shtmlMon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/cz-usoud-i-us-3004-25-fabricated-citationshttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/cz-usoud-i-us-3004-25-fabricated-citationsDecision imposing a CZK 25,000 procedural fine on counsel. The Czech Constitutional Court fined counsel Mgr. Pavel Kehl CZK 25,000 over a constitutional complaint citing decisions that did not exist or whose holdings were grossly misdescribed. The court identified anglicisms, sentence fragments and inconsistent citation formatting as indicators of AI drafting, and held counsel fully responsible for hallucinated arguments. Primary source: Ústavní soud — 1.0 — https://nalus.usoud.cz/Search/GetText.aspx?sz=1-3004-25_1Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/fi-bar-tietoturvaopas-b052https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/fi-bar-tietoturvaopas-b052Board updated Annex 5, the AI guide, on 13 November 2025; the manual is in force from 1 December 2025. Annex 5 now runs to twelve numbered requirements plus a Microsoft 365 Copilot deployment guide. The Finnish Bar's information-security manual, recommendatory in character but functioning as commentary on the binding B 05.1 guideline. Its Annex 5, first added in April 2024 and substantially updated in November 2025, is Finland's principal profession-facing generative-AI guidance for advocates, in force from 1 December 2025. Primary source: Finnish Bar Association — 13.11.2025 update — https://asianajajat.fi/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/B-05.2-Tietoturvaopas-hallitus-23.11.2018-paiv.-12.12.2019-24.9.2021-14.12.2023-19.4.2024-ja-13.11.2025-voimassa-1.12.2025-lukien.pdfMon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/nl-nova-aanbevelingen-ai-advocatuurhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/nl-nova-aanbevelingen-ai-advocatuurFirst NOvA AI recommendations, prepared by the projectgroep Digitalisering & AI; reported by Het Advocatenblad on 10 December 2025. Month-only date: the source gives the month, so the 1st is recorded as the date. The Dutch Bar's recommendations on responsible AI use, published at the end of 2025 and organised around the five statutory core values of the profession. They are notable in Europe for recommending that lawyers ask the client's permission before using AI on a file, and for requiring manual verification of every citation and fact. Primary source: NOvA — First version — https://www.advocatenorde.nl/voor-advocaten/digitalisering-ai/aanbevelingen-ai-de-advocatuurMon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/sk-sak-uznesenie-12-4-2025-ai-ruleshttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/sk-sak-uznesenie-12-4-2025-ai-rulesAmending resolution of 6 Nov 2025 adding a ten-article methodological guidance and model client clauses; published in Vestník SAK issue 87 and effective 25 Nov 2025. Binding Slovak Bar rules on AI in legal practice. Confidential information and personal data may enter AI tools only in one of three modes: a local on-premise tool, a GDPR Art. 28 processor with a no-training guarantee, or express informed client consent waiving confidentiality. Verification of output is mandatory; billing self-training time is barred. Primary source: SAK — 21/14/2025 consolidated — https://sak.sk/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Uznesenie_12-4-2025_plne-znenie-k-25-11-2025-ff2a4b92.pdfTue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/tr-kvkk-generative-ai-guidehttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/tr-kvkk-generative-ai-guideSupplements KVKK's 2021 Recommendations on the Protection of Personal Data in the Field of Artificial Intelligence. A 64-page KVKK guide, published November 2025, answering fifteen questions on how Law No. 6698 applies to generative AI. It covers the model lifecycle, controller/processor allocation, the general processing principles, lawful bases, cross-border transfers, transparency, data-subject rights, security, and practical guidance for everyday users and for children's use of AI tools. Primary source: KVKK — Publication No. 113 — https://www.kvkk.gov.tr/SharedFolderServer/CMSFiles/MTY5MjNmNmIwZWY3YTE.pdfMon, 24 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-sc-2025-code-judicial-conduct-accountabilityhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-sc-2025-code-judicial-conduct-accountabilityThe Philippines' new judicial conduct code, promulgated 11 November 2025, is one of the first anywhere to write artificial-intelligence limits into a code of judicial ethics rather than into guidance. Canon VI addresses competence, diligence and the ethical use of technology and artificial intelligence by judges. Primary source: Supreme Court of the Philippines — Promulgated — https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/11/100836Tue, 11 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/es-icam-guia-buenas-practicas-ia-abogacia-2025https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/es-icam-guia-buenas-practicas-ia-abogacia-2025Original (exact day not shown on the page). Madrid Bar guide keeping human professional judgment at the centre of AI-assisted practice: verify outputs, protect client data, inform clients about AI use, bill time transparently, train lawyers, and vet vendors on no-training clauses, EU data residency and Article 28 GDPR agreements. It includes an AI glossary, an EU AI Act compliance timeline and infographics. Primary source: ICAM — October 2025 — https://web.icam.es//wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Guia-ICAM_IA_2025_2.pdfFri, 31 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-sc-2025-code-conduct-court-officials-personnelhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-sc-2025-code-conduct-court-officials-personnelThe companion conduct code for Philippine court officials and personnel, promulgated on 28 October 2025. Canon III, Section 6 mirrors the judicial code's AI provision, confining AI use to research of legal authorities and requiring the verification of sources before they are cited in any court document. Primary source: Supreme Court of the Philippines — Promulgated — https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/11/100842Tue, 28 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-csjn-acordada-10-2025-ai-summarieshttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-csjn-acordada-10-2025-ai-summariesAutomatic AI summaries for all judgments published via LEX100. Under Acordada 10/2025 the Argentine Supreme Court implemented automatic generation of plain-language summaries by AI for every judgment published from the LEX100 system used by federal and national courts, with more than 110,000 summaries produced by October 2025. The Court also uses AI to classify incoming appeals. Human-review rules were not stated. Primary source: CSJN — Implementation announced — https://www.csjn.gov.ar/novedades/detalle/11349Wed, 15 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/it-cnf-informativa-ia-art-13https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/it-cnf-informativa-ia-art-13Letter from CNF President Francesco Greco to all local bar presidents noting that Article 13 of Law 132/2025 obliges professionals to give clients an informativa on the AI systems they use, and circulating a CNF model text lawyers may adopt in dealings with clients and assisted parties, to be disseminated to all members. Primary source: CNF — Prot. 0007816, 13 October 2025 — https://www.consiglionazionaleforense.it/documents/20182/0/Comunicazione+ai+COA+-+Schema+informativa+IA.pdfMon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/mt-artificial-intelligence-regulations-sl-591-05https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/mt-artificial-intelligence-regulations-sl-591-05Original; Legal Notice number not captured (landing page opened, PDF not readable). Maltese subsidiary legislation giving effect to the EU AI Act's institutional requirements: the Malta Digital Innovation Authority is market-surveillance authority, notifying authority, single point of contact and operator of the national AI sandbox, with appeals to the Administrative Review Tribunal. A companion instrument allocates high-risk and prohibited-practice responsibilities to the Information and Data Protection Commissioner. Primary source: Malta (MDIA Act) — In force 10 October 2025; most operative provisions from 2 August 2026 — https://legislation.mt/eli/sl/591.5/engFri, 10 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-house-bill-3462-ai-commissionhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-house-bill-3462-ai-commissionA pending Philippine House bill, filed 2 October 2025, that would establish a Philippine Artificial Intelligence Commission as the country's national AI regulator. It had not been enacted as at 4 September 2026 and contains no provisions specific to courts, judges or the legal profession. Primary source: House of Representatives — Filed — https://docs.congress.hrep.online/legisdocs/basic_20/HB03462.pdfThu, 02 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-rio-negro-stj-acordada-15-2024-iagen-protocolhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-rio-negro-stj-acordada-15-2024-iagen-protocolProtocol made mandatory for lawyers; courts may impose corrective sanctions and must refer fabricated citations to bar ethics tribunals. Rio Negro's judiciary adopted a generative-AI good-practice protocol in October 2024 covering validation of AI content, human control at every stage, bias evaluation and personal-data protection, and in October 2025 extended it to lawyers, experts and other external auxiliaries, authorising corrective sanctions and mandatory referral to bar ethics tribunals for fabricated citations. Primary source: STJ Rio Negro — Acordada extending the protocol to lawyers, experts and other external auxiliaries — https://justicia.ar/novedades/2029/2025/10/una-nueva-acordada-habilita-sanciones-a-la-abogacia-por-uso-indebido-de-inteligencia-artificialWed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/it-legge-132-2025-intelligenza-artificialehttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/it-legge-132-2025-intelligenza-artificialeEnacted; in force 10 October 2025. Italy's national AI framework law, in force 10 October 2025 and read in conformity with the EU AI Act. Article 13 confines AI in the intellectual professions to support tasks and requires clients to be told in clear language which AI systems a professional uses. Article 15 reserves every judicial decision to the magistrate. Primary source: Parliament (IT) — Original (GU Serie Generale n. 223, 25 September 2025) — https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00143/sgThu, 25 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/at-oerak-ki-leitfaden-anwaltskanzleienhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/at-oerak-ki-leitfaden-anwaltskanzleienIssued by the ÖRAK's IT and digitalisation committee and distributed with the Anwaltsblatt. The Austrian Bar's four-page guide of September 2025 on using AI in law firms, with an annexed checklist that an AI provider must sign before a firm may instruct it. It applies § 9(2) RAO confidentiality and the binding § 40(3) RL-BA service-provider requirements to AI suppliers and makes staff AI competence a precondition of use. Primary source: ÖRAK — Stand September 2025 — https://www.anwaltsblatt.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Anwaltsblatt/PDF/oerak_25_leitfaden-KI-folder_a4_250923.pdfTue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/pe-ley-31814-inteligencia-artificialhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/pe-ley-31814-inteligencia-artificialImplementing regulation adding a risk-based approach and obligations; the exact URL of the decree was not verified. Latin America's first AI statute, published 5 July 2023: it promotes AI within Peru's digital transformation under principles of human dignity and rights, names the PCM Secretariat of Government and Digital Transformation as national authority, declares justice among priority sectors, and requires annual reports to Congress. The 2025 implementing decree introduces risk classification. Primary source: Congreso — Reglamento, Decreto Supremo 115-2025-PCM — https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2192926-1Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-cpacf-guia-ia-abogados-2025https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-cpacf-guia-ia-abogados-2025Buenos Aires bar guide built on four pillars: responsible use minimising hallucinations and bias; permanent human control with the lawyer as final decision-maker; protection of personal data and professional secrecy, including client authorisation before sharing confidential information; and continuous training. It states that AI does not exempt the lawyer from responsibility for anything signed or filed. Primary source: CPACF — Original (Laboratorio Fintech y Legaltech, July 2025; published 6 August 2025) — https://aldiaargentina.microjuris.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CPACF-IA-GUIA.pdfFri, 11 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/my-bar-circular-242-2025-generative-aihttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/my-bar-circular-242-2025-generative-aiThe Malaysian Bar's principal AI instrument, issued 3 July 2025 by the Bar Council Cyber and Privacy Laws Committee and the Legal Tech, AI and Sandbox Committee. Its annexed advisory sets out recommended and prohibited uses, a nine-risk mitigation table and a four-R framework for practitioners adopting generative AI. Primary source: Malaysian Bar — Original, with annexed advisory on the use of generative AI in legal practice — https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/cms/upload_files/document/Circular%20No%20242-2025.pdfThu, 03 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-senate-bill-25-ai-regulationhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ph-senate-bill-25-ai-regulationA pending Philippine Senate bill, filed 2 July 2025, proposing risk-based regulation of artificial-intelligence systems modelled on the European Union AI Act. It had not been enacted as at 4 September 2026 and does not separately classify judicial or legal-services uses of AI as high risk. Primary source: Senate of the Philippines — Filed — https://senate.gov.ph/legacy/lis_bills/4649942502!.pdfWed, 02 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/se-advokatsamfundet-generative-ai-guidancehttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/se-advokatsamfundet-generative-ai-guidanceFourteen-page guidance produced by the working group that drafted the 2024 general advice. Guidance dated Stockholm, 12 June 2025, from a Swedish Bar Association working group on using generative AI in legal practice. It ties GenAI use to the Code of Conduct (VRGA) across four areas: regulatory compliance, advisory liability, professional secrecy, and principal liability and office organisation. Primary source: Swedish Bar Association — Guidance to the board of the Swedish Bar Association — https://www.advokatsamfundet.se/globalassets/advokatsamfundet_sv/advokatyrket/vagledning-om-anvandning-av-generativ-ai-i-advokatverksamhet.pdfThu, 12 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/jp-ai-promotion-act-2025https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/jp-ai-promotion-act-2025Promulgated and partly in force 4 June 2025; fully in force 1 September 2025 including the AI Strategy Headquarters. Japan's first framework AI statute, promulgated 4 June 2025 and fully in force from 1 September 2025. It establishes the AI Strategy Headquarters and a basic AI plan and sets duties of effort for the state, local governments, businesses and citizens. It contains no risk classification, no penalties, and no provisions specific to courts or legal services. Primary source: Japan Diet — Original — https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/507AC0000000053Wed, 04 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/dk-lov-467-2025-ai-supplementary-provisionshttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/dk-lov-467-2025-ai-supplementary-provisionsIn force 2 August 2025; does not apply to the Faroe Islands or Greenland. Denmark's national supplement to the EU AI Act, adopted 14 May 2025 and in force from 2 August 2025. It designates Digitaliseringsstyrelsen, Datatilsynet and Domstolsstyrelsen as national competent authorities, sets market surveillance powers, inspection rights and criminal penalties, and creates a bespoke split of supervision over courts' AI use. Primary source: Denmark — LOV nr 467 af 14/05/2025 — https://www.retsinformation.dk/api/pdf/249582Wed, 14 May 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-jujuy-scj-acordada-31-2025https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-jujuy-scj-acordada-31-2025Initial protocol (Annex I) and AI-use authorisation form (Annex II). Jujuy's Superior Court created a Judicial Innovation Laboratory and approved a Protocol for the Use of AI in the Judiciary as Annex I, with an authorisation form for AI use as Annex II, applying to all users within the provincial judiciary. The annex text was not accessible, so the substantive parameters remain unverified. Primary source: STJ Jujuy — Original — https://www.justiciajujuy.gov.ar/acordadas/acordada-n-31-2025-protocolo-para-el-uso-de-la-inteligencia-artificial-en-el-poder-judicial/Fri, 11 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-santa-fe-csj-circular-25-2025https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ar-santa-fe-csj-circular-25-2025Minimum acceptable-use standards for judges, defenders and staff granted generative-AI tools by the Santa Fe Supreme Court: independent verification of all outputs, protection of sensitive case data, AI as a complementary assistant with decisions remaining exclusively the judge's, and transparency about AI-generated content, drawing on UNESCO and Council of Europe frameworks. Primary source: CSJ Santa Fe — Original (follows the Acuerdo of 6 March 2025 enabling generative-AI tools and Circular 19) — https://www.justiciasantafe.gov.ar/index.php/circulares/circular-nro-25-guia-de-buenas-practicas-para-el-uso-de-la-inteligencia-artificial-generativa/Fri, 04 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/no-hoyesterett-advokatveiledningen-aihttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/no-hoyesterett-advokatveiledningen-aiSection on AI tools introduced after the Court received a brief containing AI-fabricated statutes and preparatory works. Month-only date: the source gives the month, so the 1st is recorded as the date. The Supreme Court of Norway's guidance for lawyers appearing before it, which since April 2025 contains a dedicated section 19 on the use of AI tools. It was added after the Court received its first brief citing statutes and preparatory works that did not exist, and is cross-referenced from every pleading-drafting section of the guidance. Primary source: Norwegian Supreme Court — AI section added after the April 2025 incident — https://www.domstol.no/no/hoyesterett/advokater/advokatveiledningen/Tue, 01 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/pl-kirp-ai-recommendationshttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/pl-kirp-ai-recommendationsFirst edition, published publicly in May 2025; described by KIRP as a living document to be updated. Month-only date: the source gives the month, so the 1st is recorded as the date. A 22-recommendation handbook published by the Polish National Chamber of Legal Advisers in 2025, prepared with Microsoft and the Sołtysiński Kawecki & Szlęzak law firm, on adopting AI tools in legal practice. It runs from tool selection and contract review through professional secrecy, GDPR and client communication to training and incident management. Primary source: KIRP — Wydanie 1, Warszawa 2025 (ISBN 978-83-972004-4-9) — https://kirp.pl/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/REKOMENDACJE-DOTYCZACE-KORZYSTANIA-PRZEZ-RADCOW-PRAWNYCH-Z-NARZEDZI-OPARTYCH-NA-SZTUCZNEJ-INTELIGENCJI.pdfTue, 01 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/sk-sak-uznesenie-12-4-2025-ai-ruleshttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/sk-sak-uznesenie-12-4-2025-ai-rulesOriginal resolution adopted under § 75(1) of Act No. 586/2003 Coll. on Advocacy; effective 1 May 2025. Binding Slovak Bar rules on AI in legal practice. Confidential information and personal data may enter AI tools only in one of three modes: a local on-premise tool, a GDPR Art. 28 processor with a no-training guarantee, or express informed client consent waiving confidentiality. Verification of output is mandatory; billing self-training time is barred. Primary source: SAK — 12/4/2025 — https://sak.sk/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Uznesenie_12-4-2025_plne-znenie-k-25-11-2025-ff2a4b92.pdfMon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ke-national-ai-strategy-2025-2030https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ke-national-ai-strategy-2025-2030Launched at the Kenyatta International Convention Centre, Nairobi. Kenya's non-binding national AI strategy, launched 27 March 2025. It sets three pillars — AI digital infrastructure, data ecosystems and governance, and AI research, innovation and commercialisation — with cross-cutting enablers on ethics, skills, finance and governance. It underpins the risk-based logic later carried into the Artificial Intelligence Bill 2026. Primary source: MICDE — Launched — https://ict.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-03/Kenya%20AI%20Strategy%202025%20-%202030.pdfThu, 27 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ng-ndpa-gaid-2025https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ng-ndpa-gaid-2025Issued 20 March 2025 (instrument dated 19 December 2024); effective 19 September 2025; replaces the NDPR 2019 as the operative implementing instrument. The binding directive implementing Nigeria's Data Protection Act 2023. Article 43 imposes obligations on any controller or processor deploying artificial intelligence to process personal data — documented technical and organisational parameters, a DPIA filed with the Commission, anonymisation and low-risk testing, disparate-outcome review, and continuous monitoring after deployment. Primary source: NDPC — NDPC/NDP ACT-GAID/01/2025 — https://ndpc.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/NDP-ACT-GAID-2025-MARCH-20TH.pdfThu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ma-cndp-communique-ai-personal-datahttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ma-cndp-communique-ai-personal-dataFirst CNDP public position on AI processing; announces preparation of a deliberation and opens stakeholder hearings. Morocco's data protection authority's first public position on AI, issued in Rabat on 18 March 2025. It confirms that AI processing of personal data is governed by Law 09-08, flags automated decision-making as requiring particular safeguards, and announces that work on a dedicated deliberation on AI processing has begun. Primary source: CNDP (Morocco) — Press release — https://www.cndp.ma/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/CNDP-Communique-IA-et-protection-des-donnees-a-caractere-personnel-FR.pdfTue, 18 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/cn-cac-ai-content-labeling-measures-2025https://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/cn-cac-ai-content-labeling-measures-2025Issued 7 March 2025; in force 1 September 2025. Regulation in force from 1 September 2025 requiring providers to attach explicit labels and implicit metadata labels identifying provider and generation details to AI-generated text, audio, images and video, and requiring distribution platforms to verify metadata and add notices. Relevant to authentication of AI-generated material in litigation, although not itself an evidence rule. Primary source: CAC — Original — https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htmFri, 07 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ch-sav-wegleitung-kihttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/ch-sav-wegleitung-kiUpdated to reflect the Federal Council's 12 February 2025 decisions on AI regulation and the BAKOM Auslegeordnung. The Swiss Bar Association's guideline on AI, approved 14 June 2024 and updated 16 February 2025. It focuses on generative AI, sets a three-route test for putting client information into a tool, requires independent verification of output, addresses liability, copyright and notification duties, and explains the Swiss, EU and Council of Europe regulatory position. Primary source: SAV/FSA — Updated version — https://digital.sav-fsa.ch/documents/1060627/0/SAV-Wegleitung_f%C3%BCr_den_Umgang_mit_k%C3%BCnstlicher_Intelligenz_16.2.25.pdf/0b498c8a-85aa-e089-32a2-18da59ee658cSun, 16 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationotherhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/be-ovb-obfg-richtlijnen-ai-advocatenhttps://safelegalai.com/regulation/other/be-ovb-obfg-richtlijnen-ai-advocatenJoint guidelines of the two Belgian bar federations, announced 31 January 2025 and dated 1 February 2025. Joint guidelines of Belgium's two bar federations, dated 1 February 2025, on lawyers' use of AI. They add no new deontological duties but apply existing ones: AI is neither forbidden nor mandatory, cited sources must be verified, professional secrecy must never enter a tool, and there is no duty to tell clients AI was used. Primary source: OVB / Avocats.be — First version (bilingual NL/FR) — https://www.ordevanvlaamsebalies.be/ovb_filesystem/ovb/OVB_OBFG_Richtlijnen-AI-Advocaten.pdfSat, 01 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMTregulationother