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Regulation Tracker / EU AI Act / Chapter V · Section 1

Article 51
Classification of general-purpose AI models as general-purpose AI models with systemic risk

Chapter V — Classification of general-purpose AI models as general-purpose AI models with systemic risk, Section 1 — Classification of general-purpose AI models as general-purpose AI models with systemic risk. 3 distinct duties, powers or definitions are coded from this article, applying from 2025-08-02.

official text: EUR-Lex (consolidated 27 Jul 2026) · text © European Union (Decision 2011/833/EU) · coding CC BY 4.0 · data: obligations.json · Hugging Face · GitHub

The text

1. A general-purpose AI model shall be classified as a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk if it meets any of the following conditions:

  1. (a)it has high impact capabilities evaluated on the basis of appropriate technical tools and methodologies, including indicators and benchmarks;
  2. (b)based on a decision of the Commission, ex officio or following a qualified alert from the scientific panel, it has capabilities or an impact equivalent to those set out in point (a) having regard to the criteria set out in Annex XIII.

2. A general-purpose AI model shall be presumed to have high impact capabilities pursuant to paragraph 1, point (a), when the cumulative amount of computation used for its training measured in floating point operations is greater than 1025.

3. The Commission shall adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 97 to amend the thresholds listed in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, as well as to supplement benchmarks and indicators in light of evolving technological developments, such as algorithmic improvements or increased hardware efficiency, when necessary, for these thresholds to reflect the state of the art.

What it requires, coded

SafeLegalAI's reading of each duty in this article: who, what, from when, under which fine tier, and whether it reaches a firm, chambers, court or legal-AI vendor. Descriptive, not advice; the quoted words are the Regulation's.

  1. Art. 51(1)Scope or definitionGPAI with systemic risk

    A general-purpose AI model is classified as systemic-risk when it has high-impact capabilities or Commission-designated equivalent capabilities or impact, with a FLOP-based presumption for high-impact capabilities.

    "A general-purpose AI model shall be classified as a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk if it meets any of the following conditions:"
    Who
    GPAI model provider, Commission
    From
    (Art. 113(b))
    Legal practice
    Reaches legal-AI vendors or public bodies — Medium for vendors building legal-AI products on foundation models or providing general-purpose AI models.
    See
    Annex XIII

  2. Art. 51(1) Annex XIIIScope or definitionGPAI with systemic risk

    Annex XIII lists criteria the Commission must consider when determining GPAI models have capabilities or impact equivalent to high-impact capabilities under Article 51.

    "the Commission shall take into account the following criteria"
    Who
    Commission, GPAI model provider
    From
    (Art. 113(b))
    Fine tier
    Art. 101
    Legal practice
    Reaches legal-AI vendors or public bodies — Systemic-risk classification can affect GPAI models used in legal AI products.
    See
    Art. 51(1)(b) · Art. 52(4)

  3. Art. 51(3)Delegated or implementing actGPAI with systemic risk

    The Commission must adopt delegated acts to amend systemic-risk thresholds and supplement benchmarks and indicators as needed to reflect technological developments and the state of the art.

    "The Commission shall adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 97 to amend the thresholds listed in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, as well as to supplement benchmarks and indicators in light of evolving technological developments, such as algorithmic improvements or increased hardware efficiency, when necessary, for these thresholds to"
    Who
    Commission
    From
    (Art. 113(b))
    Legal practice
    Institutional — Institutional governance mechanics; indirect relevance to legal practices through oversight and guidance.
    See
    Art. 97

Cite

Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 51 (Classification of general-purpose AI models as general-purpose AI models with systemic risk), as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, consolidated text of 27 July 2026, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/2026-07-27/eng#art_51 — text © European Union; only the Official Journal is authentic. Coding: SafeLegalAI (published by Cognesio LLP), "EU AI Act, structured", safelegalai.com/regulation/eu-ai-act/article-51, accessed 2026-09-08, CC BY 4.0.