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Regulation Tracker / EU AI Act / Chapter V · Section 1

Article 52
Procedure

Chapter V — Classification of general-purpose AI models as general-purpose AI models with systemic risk, Section 1 — Classification of general-purpose AI models as general-purpose AI models with systemic risk. 7 distinct duties, powers or definitions are coded from this article, applying from 2025-08-02.

Amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (Digital Omnibus on AI), in force 2026-07-27 — about 30 words changed. The text below is the consolidated version of 27 July 2026; the 2024 text and the amending regulation are on EUR-Lex.

official text: EUR-Lex (consolidated 27 Jul 2026) · text © European Union (Decision 2011/833/EU) · coding CC BY 4.0 · data: obligations.json · Hugging Face · GitHub

The text

1. Where a general-purpose AI model meets the condition referred to in Article 51(1), point (a), the relevant provider shall notify the Commission without delay and in any event within two weeks after that requirement is met or it becomes known that it will be met. That notification shall include the information necessary to demonstrate that the relevant requirement has been met. If the Commission becomes aware of a general-purpose AI model presenting systemic risks of which it has not been notified, it may decide to designate it as a model with systemic risk.

2. The provider of a general-purpose AI model that meets the condition referred to in Article 51(1), point (a), may present, with its notification, sufficiently substantiated arguments to demonstrate that, exceptionally, although it meets that requirement, the general-purpose AI model does not present, due to its specific characteristics, systemic risks and therefore should not be classified as a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk.

3. Where the Commission concludes that the arguments submitted pursuant to paragraph 2 are not sufficiently substantiated and the relevant provider was not able to demonstrate that the general-purpose AI model does not present, due to its specific characteristics, systemic risks, it shall reject those arguments, and the general-purpose AI model shall be considered to be a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk.

4. The Commission may designate a general-purpose AI model as presenting systemic risks, ex officio or following a qualified alert from the scientific panel pursuant to Article 90(1), point (a), on the basis of criteria set out in Annex XIII.

5. Upon a reasoned request of a provider whose model has been designated as a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk pursuant to paragraph 4, the Commission shall take the request into account and may decide to reassess whether the general-purpose AI model can still be considered to present systemic risks on the basis of the criteria set out in Annex XIII. Such a request shall contain objective, detailed and new reasons that have arisen since the designation decision. Providers may request reassessment at the earliest six months after the designation decision. Where the Commission, following its reassessment, decides to maintain the designation as a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk, providers may request reassessment at the earliest six months after that decision.

6. The Commission shall ensure that a list of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk is published and shall keep that list up to date, without prejudice to the need to observe and protect intellectual property rights and confidential business information or trade secrets in accordance with Union and national law.

What it requires, coded

SafeLegalAI's reading of each duty in this article: who, what, from when, under which fine tier, and whether it reaches a firm, chambers, court or legal-AI vendor. Descriptive, not advice; the quoted words are the Regulation's.

  1. Art. 52(1)Enforcement powerGPAI with systemic risk

    If the Commission becomes aware of an unnotified GPAI model presenting systemic risks, it may designate the model as one with systemic risk.

    "If the Commission becomes aware of a general-purpose AI model presenting systemic risks of which it has not been notified, it may decide to designate it as a model with systemic risk"
    Who
    Commission
    From
    (Art. 113(b))
    Legal practice
    Institutional — Commission classification power indirectly affects legal-AI products built on systemic GPAI models.
    See
    Art. 51

  2. Art. 52(1)Cooperation with authoritiesGPAI with systemic risk

    A provider whose GPAI model meets the Article 51(1)(a) systemic-risk condition must notify the Commission without delay and within two weeks, including information demonstrating that the condition is met.

    "the relevant provider shall notify the Commission without delay and in any event within two weeks after that requirement is met or it becomes known that it will be met"
    Who
    GPAI model provider
    From
    (Art. 113(b))Under Art. 111(3), providers of general-purpose AI models placed on the market before 2025-08-02 must take the necessary steps to comply with Chapter V obligations by 2027-08-02.
    Fine tier
    Art. 101
    Legal practice
    Reaches legal-AI vendors or public bodies — Medium for legal-AI vendors that provide or build on GPAI models approaching systemic-risk thresholds.
    See
    Art. 51(1)(a)

  3. Art. 52(2)Derogation or exemptionGPAI with systemic risk

    A provider of a model meeting the Article 51(1)(a) threshold may submit substantiated arguments with its notification to show the model exceptionally does not present systemic risks.

    "may present, with its notification, sufficiently substantiated arguments to demonstrate that, exceptionally, although it meets that requirement, the general-purpose AI model does not present, due to its specific characteristics, systemic risks"
    Who
    GPAI model provider
    From
    (Art. 113(b))
    Legal practice
    Reaches legal-AI vendors or public bodies — Relevant to GPAI vendors contesting systemic-risk classification for models used in legal AI.
    See
    Art. 51(1)(a)

  4. Art. 52(3)Enforcement powerGPAI with systemic risk

    If the Commission finds a provider’s Article 52(2) arguments insufficient and the provider cannot demonstrate absence of systemic risk, it must reject the arguments and the model is considered systemic-risk GPAI.

    "it shall reject those arguments, and the general-purpose AI model shall be considered to be a general-purpose AI model with systemic risk"
    Who
    Commission
    From
    (Art. 113(b))
    Legal practice
    Institutional — Commission classification decision indirectly affects legal-AI vendors using the model.
    See
    Art. 52(2)

  5. Art. 52(4)Enforcement powerGPAI with systemic risk

    The Commission may designate a GPAI model as presenting systemic risks on its own initiative or after a qualified alert from the scientific panel, using Annex XIII criteria.

    "The Commission may designate a general-purpose AI model as presenting systemic risks, ex officio or following a qualified alert from the scientific panel pursuant to Article 90(1), point (a), on the basis of criteria set out in Annex XIII"
    Who
    Commission
    From
    (Art. 113(b))
    Legal practice
    Institutional — Commission systemic-risk designation affects the regulatory status of GPAI models used by legal-AI vendors.
    See
    Art. 90(1)(a) · Annex XIII

  6. Art. 52(5)Right of personGPAI with systemic risk

    A provider whose GPAI model was designated systemic-risk under Article 52(4) may request reassessment with objective, detailed and new reasons, no earlier than six months after designation or a maintained designation.

    "Providers may request reassessment at the earliest six months after the designation decision"
    Who
    GPAI model provider
    From
    (Art. 113(b))
    Legal practice
    Reaches legal-AI vendors or public bodies — Relevant to GPAI vendors seeking removal of systemic-risk classification for models used in legal AI.
    See
    Art. 52(4) · Annex XIII

  7. Art. 52(6)Governance institutionalGPAI with systemic risk

    The Commission must publish and keep updated a list of GPAI models with systemic risk while protecting intellectual property, confidential business information, and trade secrets.

    "The Commission shall ensure that a list of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk is published and shall keep that list up to date"
    Who
    Commission
    From
    (Art. 113(b))
    Legal practice
    Institutional — The public list helps legal-AI vendors and deployers identify systemic-risk GPAI models they rely on.
    See
    Art. 78

Cite

Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, Article 52 (Procedure), as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, consolidated text of 27 July 2026, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/2026-07-27/eng#art_52 — text © European Union; only the Official Journal is authentic. Coding: SafeLegalAI (published by Cognesio LLP), "EU AI Act, structured", safelegalai.com/regulation/eu-ai-act/article-52, accessed 2026-09-08, CC BY 4.0.