Does competence include understanding AI risks?

Bulgaria

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

EU AI Act Article 4 requires providers and deployers, including law firms using AI systems, to take measures ensuring sufficient AI literacy since 2 February 2025. No Bulgarian bar competence rule naming AI was found.

• EUR-Lex — Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)

Czechia

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

EU AI Act Art. 4 AI literacy duty applies directly to Czech law firms as deployers since 2 Feb 2025. Domestic conduct rules do not name AI; ČAK's Stanovisko instead stresses undiminished professional responsibility.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

Denmark

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

EU AI Act Art. 4 AI literacy duty applies directly to Danish firms as deployers since 2 Feb 2025; the revised advokatetiske regler (in force 1 July 2025) require professional diligence but do not name AI.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• To nye AI-vejledninger til advokatbranchen (AI Act guidance and AI procurement guidance)
• Advokatsamfundet — rules for lawyers

Estonia

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

AI Act Art. 4 AI-literacy duty applies directly to Estonian firms as deployers since 2 Feb 2025. The Bar's AI guide reinforces it, requiring advocates to maintain professional expertise and independent judgment rather than allowing AI to substitute for professional skill.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• AI guide for advocates [Tehisaru juhend advokaatidele]
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

European Union

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

AI Act Art. 4 (applicable since 2 Feb 2025) obliges providers and deployers — including law firms deploying AI in the EU — to ensure sufficient AI literacy among staff. Commission Q&A (May 2025) explains scope; no prescribed format or certification.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• AI literacy (Article 4 AI Act): Questions and answers
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689
• Commission AI literacy Q&A

Finland

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

AI Act Art. 4 AI-literacy duty applies directly to Finnish firms as deployers since 2 Feb 2025. B 05.1 point 1 separately binds advocates to keep their own and staff information-security competence sufficiently high through planned training, evidenced on request. B 05.2 Annex 5 point 6 sets out the literacy content.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• B 05.1 Data Security Guideline [Tietoturvaohje]
• B 05.2 Data Security Manual [Tietoturvaopas], Annex 5 'AI guide for the advocate' [Tekoälyopas asianajajalle]
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689
• B 05.1 Tietoturvaohje (PDF)

Germany

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

Article 4 of the EU AI Act has applied since 2 Feb 2025 and BRAK §5.1 confirms lawyers and Berufsausübungsgesellschaften are normally 'Betreiber' (deployers), so staff instructions and AI training are 'ein wesentlicher Bestandteil einer verantwortungsvollen Nutzung'; larger deployments may need a risk-management system with documentation and monitoring duties.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• AI literacy (Article 4 AI Act): Questions and answers
• Hinweise zum Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz (KI)
• BRAK KI-Leitfaden §5.1 (official PDF)

Hungary

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

EU AI Act Art. 4 AI literacy duty applies directly to Hungarian law firms as deployers since 2 Feb 2025. No domestic competence rule naming AI was confirmed.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

Latvia

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

EU AI Act Art. 4 AI-literacy duty applies directly to Latvian law firms as deployers since 2 Feb 2025. No domestic competence rule naming AI or technology was found.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

Lithuania

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

EU AI Act Art. 4 AI-literacy duty applies directly to Lithuanian law firms as deployers since 2 Feb 2025. No domestic competence rule naming AI was found; the Bar addresses the topic through its IT and AI Committee's training rather than a rule.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

Philippines

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

Generic only. The 2023 Code of Professional Responsibility and Accountability contains no reference to AI; competence rests on Canon IV, Sections 1 and 8. The Framework tasks the AI Committee with studying AI literacy and competency standards for lawyers and law students.

• A.M. No. 25-11-28-SC: Governance Framework on the Use of Human-Centered Augmented Intelligence in the Judiciary
• A.M. No. 22-09-01-SC, Code of Professional Responsibility and Accountability (official PDF)

Poland

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

§ 23e requires an advocate using technological tools to have the competence to assess their limitations and associated risks. The EU AI Act Art. 4 literacy duty also applies directly to Polish firms as deployers since 2 Feb 2025.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• Amendments to the Collection of Rules of Advocates' Ethics and Dignity of the Profession introducing § 23e on technology and AI
• AI w pracy radcy prawnego — Rekomendacje dotyczące korzystania przez radców prawnych z narzędzi opartych na sztucznej inteligencji
• NRA — ethics code amendments on AI

Romania

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

EU AI Act Art. 4 AI literacy duty applies directly to Romanian law firms as deployers since 2 Feb 2025. No domestic competence rule naming AI was confirmed.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

Slovakia

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

Resolution Art. 5 obliges lawyers using AI to keep educating themselves on its risks and possibilities; Guidance Art. 3(3) frames this as AI literacy — proportionate understanding of the capabilities, limits and risks of the tools used. EU AI Act Art. 4 applies in parallel from 2 Feb 2025.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• Rules on the use of AI tools in advocacy practice (SAK Presidium Resolution 12/4/2025, as amended by 21/14/2025)
• SAK — Uznesenie P SAK č. 12/4/2025 (PDF)
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

Spain

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

Article 21.2 of the code of conduct on responsible and diligent use of technology, as interpreted by Circular 3/2026: lawyers must know the tools they use, use AI only in fields they master, and are liable for uncritical delegation. The Madrid guide and the CGAE white paper call for mandatory digital training.

• CGAE Interpretive Circular 3/2026: use of generative AI systems and the duty of verification
• CGAE White Paper on Artificial Intelligence and the Legal Profession (Libro Blanco sobre IA y Abogacia)
• CGAE Circular 3/2026 (ICAIB mirror)

Sweden

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

EU AI Act Art. 4 AI literacy duty applies directly to Swedish law firms deploying AI since 2 Feb 2025. Domestic competence rules in the Code of Conduct do not name AI.

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act)
• Vägledning om användning av generativ AI i advokatverksamhet
• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689

Argentina

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

The Buenos Aires bar guide of July 2025 calls for continuous training and prompt-writing skills, and states that the lawyer remains the ultimate party responsible for the content presented or signed, whether or not it was generated by AI. The ethics code has not been amended.

• Guide for the use of Artificial Intelligence for Lawyers (Guia para el uso de Inteligencia Artificial para Abogados)
• CPACF guide (PDF via Microjuris)

Australia

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No AI-specific competence rule; the Australian Solicitors' Conduct Rules are applied through guidance. QLS Guidance Statement No. 37 and the Law Society of NSW guide require solicitors to understand the tools they use. Queensland PD 5 of 2025 ties verification to conduct rules 3, 4, 5, 17, 19 and 37.

• Guidance Statement No. 37: Artificial Intelligence in Legal Practice
• A Solicitor's Guide to Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence
• Statement on the use of artificial intelligence in Australian legal practice
• Practice Direction Number 5 of 2025: Accuracy of References in Submissions
• QLS Guidance Statement No. 37

Austria

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

ÖRAK Leitfaden §4: 'Die Nutzung von KI-Systemen ist nur zulässig, wenn eine KI-Kompetenz der Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter besteht' — firms must run regular staff training on data-leak risk, handling confidential information and critical questioning of AI content.

• Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) in Anwaltskanzleien — Leitfaden und Checkliste für KI-Dienstleister
• ÖRAK KI-Leitfaden §4 (official PDF)

Belgium

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

OVB/Avocats.be §1.1: 'De advocaat kent de basis van artificiële intelligentie en Large Language Models', and must respect art. 455 Ger.W. and art. 1 of the Codex Deontologie voor Advocaten (art. 1.2 in the French Codex) — behoorlijke beroepsuitoefening, expertise, professional secrecy, independence, avoidance of conflicts, dignity, integrity and discretion.

• Richtlijnen voor advocaten voor het gebruik van Artificiële Intelligentie (OVB/Avocats.be guidelines on AI for lawyers)
• OVB/OBFG Richtlijnen §1.1 (official PDF)

Brazil

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

OAB Recommendation 001/2024 expects lawyers to understand the tools they use and to stay current on AI implications, and the OAB National AI Plan of 15 June 2026 commits the bar's law schools to expanded AI training. The Code of Ethics has not been amended.

• Recomendacao no 001/2024: Responsible Use of Generative AI in Legal Practice
• National Plan for Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Legal Practice
• OAB National AI Plan (Migalhas)

Canada

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

The Federation of Law Societies Model Code has required technological competence since 2019; provincial guidance applies it to AI, requiring lawyers to understand the limits and risks of the tools they use (LSBC 2023, LSO 2024, LSA 2024/2025).

• Guidance on Professional Responsibility and Generative AI
• White Paper: Licensee Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence
• Gen AI Rules of Engagement for Canadian Lawyers

France

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

The Règlement intérieur national (art. 1.3) already requires compétence, dévouement, diligence et prudence; the CNB guide of 17 Mar 2026 applies competence, prudence and independence expressly to generative AI. No amendment to the RIN naming AI has been made.

• Guide pratique — La déontologie et l'intelligence artificielle
• Guide pratique — Utilisation des systèmes d'intelligence artificielle générative
• CNB (official)

Hong Kong SAR

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No amendment to the Hong Kong Solicitors' Guide to Professional Conduct. Circular 25-824 tells solicitors to understand the tool and its data handling before adoption and cautions that output may be inaccurate or fabricated.

• Circular 25-824: Generative AI in Legal Practice: Risks and Tips
• Law Society of Hong Kong — Circular 25-824 (PDF)

Indonesia

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

The Kode Etik Advokat Indonesia (2002) predates AI; article 3(1) allows declining work outside one's expertise. PERADI's 2026 guideline requires AI to be treated as assistant or augmentation, not a replacement for human reasoning, preserving diligence and competence.

• Guideline on the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Indonesian Advocates [Pedoman Penggunaan Kecerdasan Buatan]
• PERADI — Kode Etik Advokat Indonesia

International bodies

International bodies · verified 2026-09-04

The CCBE Guide requires lawyers to understand tool limitations and flags the EU AI Act article 4 literacy duty; the IBA and CAIDP report recommends AI-literacy programmes; SVAMC Guideline 1, VIAC 4.1 and AAA-ICDR extend competence expectations to arbitration participants. No binding rule exists.

• CCBE Guide on the use of generative AI by lawyers
• The Future is Now: Artificial Intelligence and the Legal Profession
• VIAC Note on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Arbitration Proceedings
• AAA-ICDR Guidance on Arbitrators' Use of AI Tools
• IBA/CAIDP report (PDF)

Ireland

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

Law Society guidance v4 addresses competence and requires firms to meet the Article 4 EU AI Act literacy obligation for staff.

• Use of Generative AI: Guidance for the Legal Profession

Israel

Middle East · verified 2026-09-04

At/60/24 expects lawyers to use AI carefully, keep up to date with the strengths and weaknesses of these technologies and understand how the platforms work, and states that the lawyer bears full civil and ethical responsibility for their use. No amendment to the professional conduct rules yet.

• Preliminary Opinion on the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Lawyers' Work, decision At/60/24
• Israel Bar opinion At/60/24 (official page)

Italy

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

The Codice deontologico forense does not name AI. Law 132/2025 article 13(1) requires the prevalence of the professional's intellectual work; competence expectations otherwise come from the CCBE guide as circulated by the National Bar Council.

• CCBE Guide on the use of generative AI by lawyers
• Law 23 September 2025 no. 132 on artificial intelligence (Legge 132/2025)
• Legge 132/2025 (official)

Luxembourg

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

No Luxembourg rule naming AI. The CCBE guide requires lawyers to understand tool limitations.

• CCBE Guide on the use of generative AI by lawyers

Malaysia

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No amendment to the Legal Profession (Practice and Etiquette) Rules 1978 naming AI. Circular 242/2025 requires practitioners to understand a tool's capabilities and limits, read its terms of use, and train staff.

• Circular No. 242/2025: Updates on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Legal Practice
• Circular No. 342/2023: Risks and Precautions in Using Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession
• Malaysian Bar — Circular No. 242/2025 (PDF)

Netherlands

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

NOvA Deskundigheid 1–2: basic knowledge of generative AI is 'essentieel voor iedere advocaat' — LLM principles, prompt engineering, bias mitigation, hallucinations, error detection, relevant regulation and cybersecurity — plus hands-on experience. Deskundigheid is a statutory core value (art. 10a Advocatenwet) and was the ground of the 2026 reprimand.

• Aanbevelingen AI in de advocatuur
• NOvA — Aanbevelingen AI (official)

New Zealand

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No rule change. The Law Society applies the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act (Lawyers: Conduct and Client Care) Rules through guidance updated 24 February 2026; the court guidelines open with a requirement to understand the tool's capabilities and limitations before use.

• Generative AI guidance for lawyers
• Guidelines for use of generative artificial intelligence in Courts and Tribunals
• NZ Law Society — Generative AI guidance for lawyers

Nigeria

Africa · verified 2026-09-04

NBA-SLP AI Guidelines s.7.1 require lawyers to understand the capabilities and limitations of generative-AI tools, including through training, and s.7.2 warns against overreliance and uninformed use. The Rules of Professional Conduct do not name AI.

• Guidelines for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Profession in Nigeria
• NBA-SLP AI Guidelines (official text, archived)

Norway

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

Supreme Court guidance: AI 'bør bare brukes på områder hvor advokaten har god nok kompetanse til å kontrollere innholdet'. The AI Act Art. 4 literacy duty is not yet in force in Norway pending EEA incorporation and the domestic KI-lov.

• Veiledning for advokater, section 19 'Bruk av KI-verktøy'
• Norges Høyesterett — Veiledning for advokater (PDF)

Singapore

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No amendment to the Legal Profession (Professional Conduct) Rules 2015. Competence is addressed through the MinLaw guide's professional-ethics principles and the Law Society advisory, which both make lawyers professionally responsible for AI-assisted work.

• Guide for Using Generative AI in the Legal Sector
• Advisory on the Use of Publicly Available AI Tools
• MinLaw — Guide for using generative AI in the legal sector (PDF, 6 Mar 2026)

Switzerland

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

No Swiss rule names AI competence. Art. 12(a) BGFA requires careful and conscientious practice, and the SAV Wegleitung applies that to understanding how AI systems fail (hallucination, bias, sycophancy, black-box) before relying on them.

• SAV Wegleitung (official PDF)

Türkiye

Middle East · verified 2026-09-04

The TBB Guide treats AI literacy as a current competence area of the profession: lawyers and trainees must not make critical use of AI without training in how it works, its limits, hallucination risk, data security, prompting, verification methods and KVKK compliance.

• Recommendation Guide on the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Lawyers [Avukatlar İçin Yapay Zekâ Kullanımı Tavsiye Rehberi]
• TBB Recommendation Guide on AI Use for Lawyers (official PDF)

United Kingdom

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

SRA guidance applies the competence principle to AI use; BSB guidance reads AI use into Core Duties CD1, CD2, CD3, CD6, CD7 and CD10 for barristers.

• Compliance tips for solicitors on the use of AI and technology
• Guidance on the use of Artificial Intelligence and Other Technologies

United States

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

Model Rule 1.1 comment 8 (technological competence) as applied by ABA Formal Opinion 512: lawyers must understand the benefits and risks of the generative AI tools they use. The Model Rules bind only as adopted by each state and by federal courts through local rules.

• ABA Formal Opinion 512: Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools

South Africa

Africa · verified 2026-09-04

No competence rule names AI. The LSSA revised draft guidelines require output to be evaluated for accuracy, local legal relevance and bias; the LPC has consulted on adopting ethics guidelines.

• Revised Ethics Guidelines for Legal Practitioners in South Africa on the Use of Generative AI

Afghanistan

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Albania

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Algeria

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Armenia

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Azerbaijan

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Bahrain

Middle East · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026. Amendments to Bahrain's Law of Advocacy were reported in 2026 but no AI or technology competence duty was identified.

Bangladesh

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Belarus

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Bolivia

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Botswana

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Brunei

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Cambodia

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Cameroon

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Chile

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

No competence rule naming AI for lawyers found as of 4 September 2026.

China

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Colombia

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

No competence rule naming AI for lawyers; Colombia has no unified bar association. Acuerdo PCSJA24-12243 article 7 imposes prior-knowledge duties on judicial staff only.

• Acuerdo PCSJA24-12243: Guidelines for the respectful, responsible, safe and ethical use of AI in the Judicial Branch

Costa Rica

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Côte d'Ivoire

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Croatia

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

No AI-specific competence rule in the Croatian Code of Attorney Ethics was found; the bar academy runs AI seminars and conducted a 2025 member survey on AI use.

• HOK survey call (official bar site)

Cuba

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Cyprus

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

No AI-specific competence rule found as of 4 September 2026.

Dominican Republic

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Ecuador

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Egypt

Africa · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026. Egypt's Advocacy Law and Bar rules do not name technology or AI competence.

El Salvador

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Ethiopia

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Georgia

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Ghana

Africa · verified 2026-09-04

L.I. 2423 imposes competence and diligence duties but does not name technology or AI; no General Legal Council guidance applying them to AI exists.

• Ghana's legal profession is entering the AI era without a regulatory framework (Dennislaw, 27 Mar 2026)

Greece

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

The Lawyers' Code and Code of Conduct, in the consolidated October 2025 edition, contain no AI-specific competence rule.

Guatemala

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Honduras

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Iceland

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

No competence rule naming AI or technology found. The EU AI Act Art. 4 literacy duty does NOT bind Icelandic firms unless and until the AI Act is incorporated into the EEA Agreement; incorporation could not be verified as of 4 September 2026.

India

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

Bar Council of India Rules contain no technology or AI competence requirement; no rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Iran

Middle East · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Iraq

Middle East · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Jamaica

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Japan

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No competence rule naming AI or technology found as of 4 September 2026.

Jordan

Middle East · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Kazakhstan

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Kenya

Africa · verified 2026-09-04

no rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026

Kuwait

Middle East · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Kyrgyzstan

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Laos

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Lebanon

Middle East · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Macao

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Malta

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

No AI-specific competence rule found as of 4 September 2026.

Mauritius

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Mexico

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

No technological-competence rule naming AI found in Mexican professional regulation as of 4 September 2026.

Moldova

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Mongolia

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Montenegro

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Morocco

Africa · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026. The Moroccan code of professional conduct for lawyers does not name technology or AI competence.

Mozambique

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Myanmar

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Namibia

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Nepal

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Nicaragua

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

North Macedonia

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Oman

Middle East · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Pakistan

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Panama

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Paraguay

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Peru

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Portugal

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

No AI-specific competence rule for lawyers; the general duties in the bar statute apply. The bar ran a voluntary course on responsible AI in legal practice from September to November 2025 with more than two thousand registrations.

• Bar course announcement (official)

Puerto Rico

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Qatar

Middle East · verified 2026-09-04

No competence rule naming AI or technology found as of 4 September 2026.

Russia

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Rwanda

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Saudi Arabia

Middle East · verified 2026-09-04

No competence rule naming AI or technology for Saudi lawyers found as of 4 September 2026.

Senegal

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Serbia

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Slovenia

Europe · verified 2026-09-04

No AI-specific competence rule found; the bar academy conference on digitalisation and AI in the judiciary and the AI and law conference are voluntary.

• Bar academy conference programme 2025 (official)

South Korea

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Sri Lanka

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Taiwan

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Tanzania

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Trinidad and Tobago

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Tunisia

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Uganda

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Ukraine

Europe · researched 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

United Arab Emirates

Middle East · verified 2026-09-04

No competence rule naming AI or technology for onshore, DIFC or ADGM practitioners found as of 4 September 2026.

Uruguay

Americas · verified 2026-09-04

No rule, guidance or reported case found as of 4 September 2026.

Uzbekistan

Asia-Pacific · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Venezuela

Americas · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-competence rule or guidance naming AI or generative AI found as of 4 September 2026.

Zambia

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Zimbabwe

Africa · researched 2026-09-04

No professional-conduct rule or guidance naming technology or AI competence for lawyers was found as of 4 September 2026.

Thailand

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

Not substantiated. No Thai competence rule or guidance naming AI was located.

Vietnam

Asia-Pacific · verified 2026-09-04

Not substantiated. The Code of Professional Ethics and Conduct of Vietnamese Lawyers was not opened.